Sterilization vs disinfection

Sterilization - removal of all living organisms including spores
Disinfection - removal of harmful vegetative organisms only ( not spores)

Turbidometry

Measurement of reduction in intensity of transmitted light at
180 degree

Basis of biotyping of H.influenzae

Indole test
Urease test
Ornithine

Hemphilus ducreyi

Chancroid - soft sore
Painful genital ulcer and
Painful LN
Increase risk of. Hiv1
Gram negative coccobacilli in
Cluster : school of fish
Loosely coiled parallel chains : rail rod track
Difficult to culture

Genes for PRP Capsule OF H influenzae

H. Influenzae
Type a,c,d,e,f : single copy of cap genes
Type b : duplication of cap B genes - more capsule - more virulence - Less adhesion and invasion

Safety pin appearance (Bipolar staining)

1. yersinia pestis
2. Vibrio parahemolyticus
3. Burkholderia mallei
4. Burkholderia pseduomallei
5. Klebsiella granulomatis

What is Relief staining ?

negative staining is also known as
relief staining
background staining

principle : acidic dyes like india ink , nigrosin , eosin are negatively charged and they donot combine with negatively charged bacterial surfaces and cytoplasm. So dye deposit around the bacterium leaving organisms colorless.

Examples of acid fast structures

1. M.Tb , M.leprae , atypical mycobacteria
2. clubs formed by Nocardia 
3. bacterial endosopores (clostridium , Bacillus)
4. Brucella abortus in infected tissues or exudates
5. legionella micdadei
6. cysts of coccidian parasites like cryptosporidium , Isospora , Cyclospora
7. hooklets in eggs of taenia saginata
8. spermatic Head

Various concentration of Sulphuric acid for ZN staining

M.TB : 20%
M.leprae : 5%
Nocardia : 1%
bacterial Spores : 0.5%
cysts of Isospora , Cyclospora , Cryptosporidium , hooklets of eggs of Taenia saginata : 0.25-0.5%

Swarming producing bacteria

1. Proteus mirabilis and vulgaris
2. Vibrio parahemolyticus and alginolyticus
3. Clostridium tetani

stains in Microbiology

1. Gram stain : peptidoglycan in bacterial cell wall
2. ZN stain : mycolic acid in mycobacterial cell wall
3. kinyoun : cold acid fast staining with higher concentration of phenol and surface active agent turgitol
4. auramine O : fluroscent stain for M.Tb
5. schaeffer fulton : using malachite green for bacterial endospore
6. albert /ponder/neisser/pugh : metachromatic granules of C.diphtheriae
7. india ink/nigrosin : capsules
8. silver impregnation/leifson : flagella
9. methylene blue with anticapsular sera : quellung reaction in pneumococci
10. giemsa : intracellular pathogens like elementary bodies of chlamydiae and Rickettsia
11. fontana : treponemes
12. levaditi : treponemes in tissue sections 
13. Diene's :Mycoplasma
14. Macchiavello : Rickettsia
15. Warthin starry / Dieterle : Spirochetes

Bacterial growth curve

end of lag phase : max cell size
log phase : uniform staining
stationary phase : variable/irregular staining , spores , granules , exotoxins & antibitoic production
decline phase : involution forms

Autoinfection

C.parvum

T.solium
H.nana

Capillaria Philippinensis

E. Vermicularis
S. Stercoralis

Decontamination methods for prions

Incineration
Metal- autoclave 132C for 5 hours
Glass- 20% sodium hypochlorite for 1 hour
Biosafety cabinets

Fiftth plasmodial species causing Malaria in humans

P. Knowlesi
Erythrocytic cycle of 48 hours
Schizont resembles band form of p. Malariae

TDR TB

Resistance to all first and second line drugd

XDR TB

Resistance to
Isoniazid
Rifampicin
FQ
And one of three injectables:
Amikacin
Kanamycin
Capreomycin

Epitope paratope

Epitope of antigen
Binds to
Paratope of antibody

Eastern blotting

Biochemical technique to analyze posttranslational modifications of proteins

Skin tests used in microbiology

Casoni: hydatid cyst
Schick: to check susceptibility to diphtheria
Montenegro reaction: cut leishmaniasis
Mantoux/ tine/heaf :latent TB
Lepromin : type of leprosy
Kveim : sarcoidosis
Frei's : LGV
Dick: to check susceptibility to scarlet fever

Conjugate vaccine

Covalently link polysaccharide capsules of bacteria to protein Carrier and making them T cell dependent antigens to induce protective immunity

Subunit vaccine

It is purified immunogenic antigens instead of whole organism.
E.g.,
Toxoids
Surface antigens
Subcellular fragments
Adv:
Safe in immunodeficiency
Less s/e
EffectiveNess is increased by adjuvant

Why multiple booster doses are required for killed vaccine?

Because In Killed vaccine microorganisms cannot multiply.